NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 10 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JOSE LEONARDO RAMIREZ, No. 19-71960 Petitioner, Agency No. A099-531-493 v. MEMORANDUM * MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, Respondent. On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Argued and Submitted May 3, 2023 San Francisco, California Before: McKEOWN, BYBEE, and FORREST, Circuit Judges. Jose Leonardo Ramirez, a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing his appeal of the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We review de novo the BIA’s legal conclusions, Parada v. Sessions, 902 F.3d 901, 908 (9th Cir. 2018), including * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. whether a “particular social group” is cognizable, Cordoba v. Barr, 962 F.3d 479, 482 (9th Cir. 2020). Factual findings are reviewed for substantial evidence. Parada, 902 F.3d at 908. To the extent that the BIA incorporated the IJ’s reasoning, we review both decisions. Iman v. Barr, 972 F.3d 1058, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we grant in part, deny in part, and remand. Ramirez contends that the BIA erred in denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal because it improperly rejected his proposed particular social group of “individuals erroneously perceived as gang members.” The IJ found that the proposed group “ha[d] not been defined or delineated with particularity” and lacked an “immutable characteristic” or a “showing that such a group is perceived as such in the country of El Salvador.” The BIA offered a brief affirmation of the IJ’s findings and conclusion on this issue, followed by a string of citations that included Matter of E-A-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 591 (B.I.A. 2008). The BIA’s cursory analysis and reliance on Matter of E-A-G- conflicts with our recent decision in Vasquez-Rodriguez v. Garland, 7 F.4th 888, 897 (9th Cir. 2021). There, we overruled Matter of E-A-G- as inconsistent with the requisite “case-by-case determination” of whether a particular society recognizes a proposed group. Vasquez-Rodriguez, 7 F.4th at 897–98 (quoting Pirir-Boc v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1077, 1084 (9th Cir. 2014)). In Vasquez-Rodriguez’s appeal, the BIA erred by conflating perceived with actual gang membership and by “adopt[ing] a legal rule 2 categorically barring people erroneously perceived to be gang members from recognition as a particular social group.” Id. Although the BIA did not have the benefit of Vasquez-Rodriguez at the time it reviewed Ramirez’s appeal, its decision replicated the same reversible error. Thus, we grant Ramirez’s petition for review with respect to his asylum and withholding of removal claims and remand to the agency to conduct an evidence-based, case-by-case determination of Ramirez’s potential particular social groups consistent with Vasquez-Rodriguez. Accordingly, we do not reach the issue of whether Ramirez established past …
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